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Illusion - Is Seeing Really Believing?
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Illusion - Is Seeing Really Believing (1998)(Marshall Media)[Mac-PC].iso
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00200_Field_frep110z.txt
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1996-12-30
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THE GENETICS OF VISUAL
PIGMENTS
In the early 1980s Jeremy
Nathans, while still an M.D.-
Ph.D. student at Stanford,
managed to clone the genes for
the protein portions of human
rhodopsin and all three cone
pigments. He found that all
four pigments show strong
homologies in their amino acid
sequences: the genes for the
red and green pigments, which
lie on the X, or sex,
chromosome, are virtually
identical--the amino acid
sequences of the proteins show
96 percent identity--whereas
the genes that code for the
blue pigment, on chromosome
7, and for rhodopsin, on
chromosome 3, show much
larger differences, from each
other and from the red and
green genes. Presumably, some
time in the distant past, a
primordial visual pigment gave
rise to rhodopsin, the blue
pigment, and the common
precursor of the red and green
pigments. At a much more
recent time the X-chromosome
genes for the red and green
pigments arose from this
precursor by a process of
duplication. Possibly this
occurred after the time of
separation of the African and
South American continents, 30
to 40 million years ago, since
old world primates all exhibit
this duplication of cone
pigment genes on the X-
chromosome, whereas new
world primates do not.
Cloning the genes has led to
a spectacular improvement in
our understanding of the
various forms of color
blindness. It had long been
known that most forms of color-
vision deficiency are caused by
the absence or abnormality of
one or more of the three cone
pigments. The most frequent
abnormalities occur in the red
and green pigments and affect
about 8 percent of males.
Because of the wide range of
these abnormalities the subject
is complex, but given our
molecular-level
understanding, it is fortunately
no longer bewildering.
Very rarely, destruction to
certain cortical areas can cause
color blindness. Most often this
occurs as the result of a stroke.